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Decision guide · Covering material

Glass vs Polycarbonate Greenhouses

The greenhouse covering material sets 20 years of light transmission, heating cost and hail risk. Here is a vendor-neutral comparison of tempered horticultural glass and multi-wall polycarbonate for commercial protected agriculture.

Option A

Tempered horticultural glass

Diffused or clear tempered glass on Venlo or wide-span steel — the reference material for high-tech greenhouses.

Advantages

  • Highest light transmission (≈ 90–92%) and best diffused-light options
  • Design life 25+ years with almost no optical degradation
  • Best fit for high-value long-cycle crops (tomato, pepper, cucumber, cannabis)

Limitations

  • Highest CAPEX per m² — steel structure must carry the extra weight
  • Hail and impact damage requires panel replacement, not patching
  • Higher heating demand without thermal screens or double glazing
CAPEX:
€180–350/m² turnkey (structure + glass + basic climate)
OPEX:
Lower per-kg of crop for long-cycle high-value produce
Best for:
Northern Europe, high-tech export tomato/pepper/cucumber, cannabis, breeding facilities
Option B

Twin- or triple-wall polycarbonate

6–16 mm multi-wall polycarbonate on lighter steel — the workhorse for mid-tech and warm-climate greenhouses.

Advantages

  • 20–30% lower CAPEX than glass, lighter structure
  • Better thermal insulation (lower U-value) than single glass
  • Impact and hail resistant — critical in tropical and highland climates

Limitations

  • Lower light transmission (≈ 80–85%) and gradual UV yellowing after 8–12 years
  • Shorter design life (10–15 years vs 25+ for glass)
  • Diffusion options less controlled than diffused horticultural glass
CAPEX:
€120–220/m² turnkey (structure + polycarbonate + basic climate)
OPEX:
Lower heating cost; higher long-term replacement CAPEX
Best for:
Africa, MENA, LATAM, highland tropics, mid-tech tomato / leafy / nursery projects

Our verdict

Choose glass when the crop is high-value, the market is long-cycle export and financing horizons exceed 15 years. Choose polycarbonate when hail risk, heating cost or CAPEX ceiling dominate — the payback difference reverses in most warm and highland climates.

Independent guidance from a human-led sourcing platform — we do not resell equipment. Ranges are indicative and shift with project size, geography and financing structure.

FAQ

Is glass always better for light transmission?
Not always. Modern diffused horticultural glass delivers 90–92% PAR transmission with excellent light distribution, but modern anti-drip AR-coated multi-wall polycarbonate reaches 85% with better thermal insulation. For very long-cycle high-value crops, glass wins on cumulative light; for short-cycle mid-tech projects, polycarbonate often wins on total cost.
What about ETFE and film greenhouses?
ETFE cushions and multi-layer polyethylene film are alternatives but sit outside this comparison. ETFE is used mainly in flagship projects with unusual geometry; polyethylene film is the standard for low-tech tunnels and short-cycle production. Both can be added to your RFQ.
How does hail insurance affect the decision?
In hail-prone regions insurers price glass greenhouses at 1.5–3× the annual premium of polycarbonate structures. Over a 15-year horizon this can offset the CAPEX difference. Ask your broker to quote both materials before finalising the specification.
Can I mix glass roof and polycarbonate sidewalls?
Yes, and it is common. Diffused glass roof for maximum PAR plus twin-wall polycarbonate sidewalls for insulation and impact resistance is a proven configuration for Venlo greenhouses in continental climates.

Financing questions, answered

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